BERLIN – About 352,000 Russian soldiers had died in the war against Ukraine through the end of 2025, according to a new estimate, underscoring the high cost that President Vladimir Putin is willing to bear to pursue his battlefield aims.

The figure was released on May 9 – the day of Russia’s annual parade celebrating victory over Germany in World War II – by the exiled Russian media outlets Meduza and Mediazona.

The number raises the prospect that about half a million soldiers in total have died on the Russian and Ukrainian sides.

In the more than four years since the Russian leader unleashed his full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the war has become Europe’s deadliest conflict since World War II.

The new estimate of Russian dead extrapolates from a database of confirmed soldier deaths that Mediazona and the BBC Russian Service have been keeping, based in part on social media posts and Russian probate records. That database now includes nearly 218,000 confirmed names.

To come up with the estimate of 352,000 deaths, Mediazona and Meduza homed in on the excess male mortality rate for younger age groups that is apparent in Russian probate records. They also made inferences about Russian deaths confirmed by courts.

The number excludes those who have died on the front this year.

It also does not include the full scope of deaths among foreign fighters and soldiers who have fought for Russia in militias formed in the occupied Ukrainian territories.

The Centre for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington-based think-tank,...